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Epidemiology and Surveillance

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Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14(17): 1036-1050

Published online April 22, 2021

© The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency

Results of the 2020-2021 Winter Cold-Related Illness Surveillance

Lee Sukyung, Kim Sunmi, Kim Hyoeun, Kwon Seunghyun, Yoo Hyosoon

Division of Climate Change and Health Protection, Director General for Health Hazard Response, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency(KDCA)

Abstract

Sections

In 2013, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) launched a cold-related illness (CRI) surveillance system. Every winter (December-February), a nationwide network of approximately 500 hospital emergency rooms (ERs) participates in the system. The KDCA operates the CRI surveillance system to monitor hypothermia, frostbite, trench foot or immersion foot, and chilblain. According to the hospital reports, 433 people developed CRIs and 7 deaths were attributed to CRI in the 2020-2021 winter season. The average lowest temperature in the 2020-2021 season was –3.9℃, lower than that of the 2019-2020 season (-1.4℃) which can be attributed to the long-term cold that occurred for about 15 days at the end of 2020 and the start of 2021. The number of CRIs was highest in January (54.5%), and deaths attributed to CRI were highest in February (42.9%). Findings indicated that the percentage of CRI occurrences was high among males (70.2%); high among people in their 80s (21.0%); high among the unemployed (33.9%); and high among drinkers (23.6%). Findings indicated that CRIs occurred mainly between 6 am and 12 pm (30.9%); and the main cause of CRI was hypothermia (67.4%). In terms of location, CRI occurrence was highest at outdoor roadside locations (26.8%) followed by outside the home (nearby residence) (17.8%) and inside the home (13.6%).

Key words Cold-related illness, Hypothermia, Frostbite, Surveillance system, Cold wave

Sections

Reported cases of cold-related illnesses (CRIs)

Winter season No. of reporting hospitals Total cases* Average lowest temperature (°C)
2013-2014 (2013.12.1.-2014.2.28.) 436 258 (13 deaths) -3.2
2014-2015 (2014.12.1.-2015.2.28.) 540 458 (12 deaths) -3.6
2015-2016 (2015.12.1.-2016.2.29.) 530 483 (26 deaths) -2.7
2016-2017 (2016.12.1.-2017.2.28.) 532 441 (4 deaths) -3.2
2017-2018 (2017.12.1.-2018.2.28.) 523 631 (11 deaths) -5.5
2018-2019 (2018.12.1.-2019.2.28.) 517 404 (10 deaths) -3.4
2019-2020 (2019.12.1.-2020.2.29.) 505 303 (2 deaths) -1.4
2020-2021 (2020.12.1.-2021.2.28.) 503 433 (7 deaths) -3.9

* Total cases including death cases.
General characteristics of patients with cold-related illnesses (CRIs)
Characteristics No. of cold-related illnesses (%)
Average (2015-2016—2019-2020 season) 2020-2021 season Increase rate (%)
Gender
Male 321 (70.9) 304 (70.2) -5.3
Female 132 (29.1) 129 (29.8) -2.3
Region
Seoul 42 (9.3) 37 (8.5) -11.9
Busan 22 (4.9) 16 (3.7) -27.3
Daegu 10 (2.2) 5 (1.2) -50.0
Incheon 36 (7.9) 19 (4.4) -47.2
Gwangju 10 (2.2) 5 (1.2) -50.0
Daejeon 11 (2.4) 12 (2.8) 9.1
Ulsan 9 (2.0) 7 (1.6) -22.2
Sejong 1 (0.2) 3 (0.7) 200.0
Gyeonggi 87 (19.2) 105 (24.2) 20.7
Gangwon 40 (8.8) 44 (10.2) 10.0
Chungbuk 25 (5.5) 36 (8.3) 44.0
Chungnam 31 (6.8) 19 (4.4) -38.7
Jeonbuk 25 (5.5) 17 (3.9) -32.0
Jeonnam 31 (6.8) 35 (8.1) 12.9
Gyeongbuk 35 (7.7) 41 (9.5) 17.1
Gyeongnam 31 (6.8) 23 (5.3) -25.8
Jeju 7 (1.5) 9 (2.1) 28.6
Age (years)
<10 10 (2.2) 3 (0.7) -70.0
10-19 17 (3.8) 23 (5.3) 35.3
20-29 36 (7.9) 35 (8.1) -2.8
30-39 26 (5.7) 37 (8.5) 42.3
40-49 50 (11.0) 47 (10.9) -6.0
50-59 92 (20.3) 71 (16.4) -22.8
60-69 77 (17.0) 76 (17.6) -1.3
70-79 62 (13.7) 50 (11.5) -19.4
≥80 82 (18.1) 91 (21.0) 11.0
Alcohol consumption
Drinker 143 (31.6) 102 (23.6) -28.7
Non-drinker 197 (43.5) 268 (61.9) 36.0
Unknown 112 (24.8) 63 (14.5) -43.8
Diagnosis
Hypothermia 363 (80.1) 292 (67.4) -19.6
Superficial frostbite 40 (8.8) 48 (11.1) 20.0
Frostbite with tissue necrosis 8 (1.8) 13 (3.0) 62.5
Frostbite involving multiple body regions and unspecified frostbite 26 (5.7) 54 (12.5) 107.7
Immersion hand and foot 5 (1.1) 7 (1.6) 40.0
Chilblains 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.0
Other specified effects of reduced temperature 11 (2.4) 19 (4.4) 72.7
Occurrence location
Work place 12 (2.8) 26 (6.0) 116.7
Playground 7 (1.6) 6 (1.4) -14.3
Farmland 1 (0.2) 8 (1.8) 700.0
Outdoor Ski resort 7 (1.6) 7 (1.6) 0.0
Skating rink 18 (4.2) 0 (0.0) -100.0
Mountain 30 (7.1) 26 (6.0) -13.3
Riverside 35 (8.2) 35 (8.1) 0.0
Roadside 139 (32.7) 116 (26.8) -16.5
Nearby residence 57 (13.4) 77 (17.8) 35.1
Other 40 (9.4) 47 (10.9) 17.5
Indoor Home 75 (17.6) 59 (13.6) -21.3
Building 14 (3.3) 11 (2.5) -21.4
Work place 5 (1.2) 2 (0.5) -60.0
Other 14 (3.3) 13 (3.0) -7.1
Time of occurrence
0-3 60 (14.1) 50 (11.5) -16.7
3-6 45 (10.6) 40 (9.2) -11.1
6-9 77 (18.1) 72 (16.6) -6.5
9-12 62 (14.6) 62 (14.3) 0.0
12-15 48 (11.3) 38 (8.8) -20.8
15-18 55 (12.9) 56 (12.9) 1.8
18-21 56 (13.2) 60 (13.9) 7.1
21-24 49 (11.5) 55 (12.7) 12.2
Occupation
Managers 2 (0.5) 8 (1.8) 300.0
Professionals and related workers 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) -60.0
Clerks 9 (2.3) 11 (2.5) 22.2
Service workers 7 (1.8) 7 (1.6) 0.0
Sales workers 3 (0.8) 0 (0.0) -100.0
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers 19 (4.9) 13 (3.0) -31.6
Craft and related trades people 8 (2.1) 1 (0.2) -87.5
Equipment, machine operating and assembly workers 6 (1.5) 3 (0.7) -50.0
Elementary workers 2 (0.5) 21 (4.8) 950.0
Armed forces 4 (1.0) 4 (0.9) 0.0
Homemaker 28 (7.2) 11 (2.5) -60.7
Student 29 (7.5) 27 (6.2) -6.9
Unemployed 201 (51.7) 147 (33.9) -26.9
Homeless 22 (5.7) 11 (2.5) -50.0
Other 106 (27.2) 28 (6.5) -73.6
Unknown 0 (0.0) 139 (32.1) -

Figure 1. Occurrence of the number of patients by winter season
Figure 2. Occurrence of cold-related illnesses (CRIs) and temperature (℃) in the 2020-2021 season
Figure 3. Occurrence of cold-related illness (CRI) and temperature (℃) in the 2020-2021 winter season
Figure 4. Cold-related illness (CRI) incidence by region
SU: Seoul, BS: Busan, DG: Daegu, IC: Incheon, GJ: Gwangju, DJ: Daejeon, US: Ulsan, SJ: Sejong, GG: Gyeonggi, GW: Gangwon, CB: Chungbuk, CN: Chungnam, JB: Jeonbuk, JN: Jeonnam, GB: Gyeongbuk, GN: Gyeongnam, JJ: Jeju
Figure 5. Cold-related illness (CRI) incidence by age
Figure 6. Patient’s age group by location

References

Sections
  1. WMO. The global climate (2020).
  2. 환경부. 한국 기후변화 평가보고서 2020-기후변화 과학적 근거 (2020).
  3. 환경부. 한국 기후변화 평가보고서 2020-기후변화 영향 및 적응 (2020).
  4. 국립기상과학원. 한반도 기후변화 전망보고서 2020 (2020).
  5. Lane K, et al. Burden and Risk Factors for Cold-Related Illness and Death in New York City. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(4):632.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  6. Group T. E. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Lancet 1997;349(9062):1341-1346.
    CrossRef
  7. 기상청. 2020년 겨울철 기후특성(보도자료) (2021. 3. 5).
  8. 기상청. 기후분석정보 2021년 1월호 (2021. 2. 5).
  9. 질병관리청. 2020-2021절기 장대추위 기간(2020.12.29.～2021.1.12.)「한랭질환 응급실감시체계」 신고 현황 (2021).

Epidemiology and Surveillance

Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14(17): 1036-1050

Published online April 22, 2021

Copyright © The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.

Results of the 2020-2021 Winter Cold-Related Illness Surveillance

Lee Sukyung, Kim Sunmi, Kim Hyoeun, Kwon Seunghyun, Yoo Hyosoon

Division of Climate Change and Health Protection, Director General for Health Hazard Response, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency(KDCA)

Abstract

In 2013, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) launched a cold-related illness (CRI) surveillance system. Every winter (December-February), a nationwide network of approximately 500 hospital emergency rooms (ERs) participates in the system. The KDCA operates the CRI surveillance system to monitor hypothermia, frostbite, trench foot or immersion foot, and chilblain. According to the hospital reports, 433 people developed CRIs and 7 deaths were attributed to CRI in the 2020-2021 winter season. The average lowest temperature in the 2020-2021 season was –3.9℃, lower than that of the 2019-2020 season (-1.4℃) which can be attributed to the long-term cold that occurred for about 15 days at the end of 2020 and the start of 2021. The number of CRIs was highest in January (54.5%), and deaths attributed to CRI were highest in February (42.9%). Findings indicated that the percentage of CRI occurrences was high among males (70.2%); high among people in their 80s (21.0%); high among the unemployed (33.9%); and high among drinkers (23.6%). Findings indicated that CRIs occurred mainly between 6 am and 12 pm (30.9%); and the main cause of CRI was hypothermia (67.4%). In terms of location, CRI occurrence was highest at outdoor roadside locations (26.8%) followed by outside the home (nearby residence) (17.8%) and inside the home (13.6%).

Keywords: Cold-related illness, Hypothermia, Frostbite, Surveillance system, Cold wave

Body

Reported cases of cold-related illnesses (CRIs).

Winter season No. of reporting hospitals Total cases* Average lowest temperature (°C)
2013-2014 (2013.12.1.-2014.2.28.) 436 258 (13 deaths) -3.2
2014-2015 (2014.12.1.-2015.2.28.) 540 458 (12 deaths) -3.6
2015-2016 (2015.12.1.-2016.2.29.) 530 483 (26 deaths) -2.7
2016-2017 (2016.12.1.-2017.2.28.) 532 441 (4 deaths) -3.2
2017-2018 (2017.12.1.-2018.2.28.) 523 631 (11 deaths) -5.5
2018-2019 (2018.12.1.-2019.2.28.) 517 404 (10 deaths) -3.4
2019-2020 (2019.12.1.-2020.2.29.) 505 303 (2 deaths) -1.4
2020-2021 (2020.12.1.-2021.2.28.) 503 433 (7 deaths) -3.9

* Total cases including death cases..
General characteristics of patients with cold-related illnesses (CRIs)
Characteristics No. of cold-related illnesses (%)
Average (2015-2016—2019-2020 season) 2020-2021 season Increase rate (%)
Gender
Male 321 (70.9) 304 (70.2) -5.3
Female 132 (29.1) 129 (29.8) -2.3
Region
Seoul 42 (9.3) 37 (8.5) -11.9
Busan 22 (4.9) 16 (3.7) -27.3
Daegu 10 (2.2) 5 (1.2) -50.0
Incheon 36 (7.9) 19 (4.4) -47.2
Gwangju 10 (2.2) 5 (1.2) -50.0
Daejeon 11 (2.4) 12 (2.8) 9.1
Ulsan 9 (2.0) 7 (1.6) -22.2
Sejong 1 (0.2) 3 (0.7) 200.0
Gyeonggi 87 (19.2) 105 (24.2) 20.7
Gangwon 40 (8.8) 44 (10.2) 10.0
Chungbuk 25 (5.5) 36 (8.3) 44.0
Chungnam 31 (6.8) 19 (4.4) -38.7
Jeonbuk 25 (5.5) 17 (3.9) -32.0
Jeonnam 31 (6.8) 35 (8.1) 12.9
Gyeongbuk 35 (7.7) 41 (9.5) 17.1
Gyeongnam 31 (6.8) 23 (5.3) -25.8
Jeju 7 (1.5) 9 (2.1) 28.6
Age (years)
<10 10 (2.2) 3 (0.7) -70.0
10-19 17 (3.8) 23 (5.3) 35.3
20-29 36 (7.9) 35 (8.1) -2.8
30-39 26 (5.7) 37 (8.5) 42.3
40-49 50 (11.0) 47 (10.9) -6.0
50-59 92 (20.3) 71 (16.4) -22.8
60-69 77 (17.0) 76 (17.6) -1.3
70-79 62 (13.7) 50 (11.5) -19.4
≥80 82 (18.1) 91 (21.0) 11.0
Alcohol consumption
Drinker 143 (31.6) 102 (23.6) -28.7
Non-drinker 197 (43.5) 268 (61.9) 36.0
Unknown 112 (24.8) 63 (14.5) -43.8
Diagnosis
Hypothermia 363 (80.1) 292 (67.4) -19.6
Superficial frostbite 40 (8.8) 48 (11.1) 20.0
Frostbite with tissue necrosis 8 (1.8) 13 (3.0) 62.5
Frostbite involving multiple body regions and unspecified frostbite 26 (5.7) 54 (12.5) 107.7
Immersion hand and foot 5 (1.1) 7 (1.6) 40.0
Chilblains 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.0
Other specified effects of reduced temperature 11 (2.4) 19 (4.4) 72.7
Occurrence location
Work place 12 (2.8) 26 (6.0) 116.7
Playground 7 (1.6) 6 (1.4) -14.3
Farmland 1 (0.2) 8 (1.8) 700.0
Outdoor Ski resort 7 (1.6) 7 (1.6) 0.0
Skating rink 18 (4.2) 0 (0.0) -100.0
Mountain 30 (7.1) 26 (6.0) -13.3
Riverside 35 (8.2) 35 (8.1) 0.0
Roadside 139 (32.7) 116 (26.8) -16.5
Nearby residence 57 (13.4) 77 (17.8) 35.1
Other 40 (9.4) 47 (10.9) 17.5
Indoor Home 75 (17.6) 59 (13.6) -21.3
Building 14 (3.3) 11 (2.5) -21.4
Work place 5 (1.2) 2 (0.5) -60.0
Other 14 (3.3) 13 (3.0) -7.1
Time of occurrence
0-3 60 (14.1) 50 (11.5) -16.7
3-6 45 (10.6) 40 (9.2) -11.1
6-9 77 (18.1) 72 (16.6) -6.5
9-12 62 (14.6) 62 (14.3) 0.0
12-15 48 (11.3) 38 (8.8) -20.8
15-18 55 (12.9) 56 (12.9) 1.8
18-21 56 (13.2) 60 (13.9) 7.1
21-24 49 (11.5) 55 (12.7) 12.2
Occupation
Managers 2 (0.5) 8 (1.8) 300.0
Professionals and related workers 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) -60.0
Clerks 9 (2.3) 11 (2.5) 22.2
Service workers 7 (1.8) 7 (1.6) 0.0
Sales workers 3 (0.8) 0 (0.0) -100.0
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers 19 (4.9) 13 (3.0) -31.6
Craft and related trades people 8 (2.1) 1 (0.2) -87.5
Equipment, machine operating and assembly workers 6 (1.5) 3 (0.7) -50.0
Elementary workers 2 (0.5) 21 (4.8) 950.0
Armed forces 4 (1.0) 4 (0.9) 0.0
Homemaker 28 (7.2) 11 (2.5) -60.7
Student 29 (7.5) 27 (6.2) -6.9
Unemployed 201 (51.7) 147 (33.9) -26.9
Homeless 22 (5.7) 11 (2.5) -50.0
Other 106 (27.2) 28 (6.5) -73.6
Unknown 0 (0.0) 139 (32.1) -

Figure 1. Occurrence of the number of patients by winter season
Figure 2. Occurrence of cold-related illnesses (CRIs) and temperature (℃) in the 2020-2021 season
Figure 3. Occurrence of cold-related illness (CRI) and temperature (℃) in the 2020-2021 winter season
Figure 4. Cold-related illness (CRI) incidence by region
SU: Seoul, BS: Busan, DG: Daegu, IC: Incheon, GJ: Gwangju, DJ: Daejeon, US: Ulsan, SJ: Sejong, GG: Gyeonggi, GW: Gangwon, CB: Chungbuk, CN: Chungnam, JB: Jeonbuk, JN: Jeonnam, GB: Gyeongbuk, GN: Gyeongnam, JJ: Jeju
Figure 5. Cold-related illness (CRI) incidence by age
Figure 6. Patient’s age group by location

Fig 1.

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Figure 1.Occurrence of the number of patients by winter season
Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14: 1036-1050

Fig 2.

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Figure 2.Occurrence of cold-related illnesses (CRIs) and temperature (℃) in the 2020-2021 season
Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14: 1036-1050

Fig 3.

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Figure 3.Occurrence of cold-related illness (CRI) and temperature (℃) in the 2020-2021 winter season
Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14: 1036-1050

Fig 4.

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Figure 4.Cold-related illness (CRI) incidence by region
SU: Seoul, BS: Busan, DG: Daegu, IC: Incheon, GJ: Gwangju, DJ: Daejeon, US: Ulsan, SJ: Sejong, GG: Gyeonggi, GW: Gangwon, CB: Chungbuk, CN: Chungnam, JB: Jeonbuk, JN: Jeonnam, GB: Gyeongbuk, GN: Gyeongnam, JJ: Jeju
Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14: 1036-1050

Fig 5.

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Figure 5.Cold-related illness (CRI) incidence by age
Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14: 1036-1050

Fig 6.

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Figure 6.Patient’s age group by location
Public Health Weekly Report 2021; 14: 1036-1050

Reported cases of cold-related illnesses (CRIs).

Winter season No. of reporting hospitals Total cases* Average lowest temperature (°C)
2013-2014 (2013.12.1.-2014.2.28.) 436 258 (13 deaths) -3.2
2014-2015 (2014.12.1.-2015.2.28.) 540 458 (12 deaths) -3.6
2015-2016 (2015.12.1.-2016.2.29.) 530 483 (26 deaths) -2.7
2016-2017 (2016.12.1.-2017.2.28.) 532 441 (4 deaths) -3.2
2017-2018 (2017.12.1.-2018.2.28.) 523 631 (11 deaths) -5.5
2018-2019 (2018.12.1.-2019.2.28.) 517 404 (10 deaths) -3.4
2019-2020 (2019.12.1.-2020.2.29.) 505 303 (2 deaths) -1.4
2020-2021 (2020.12.1.-2021.2.28.) 503 433 (7 deaths) -3.9

* Total cases including death cases..
General characteristics of patients with cold-related illnesses (CRIs)
Characteristics No. of cold-related illnesses (%)
Average (2015-2016—2019-2020 season) 2020-2021 season Increase rate (%)
Gender
Male 321 (70.9) 304 (70.2) -5.3
Female 132 (29.1) 129 (29.8) -2.3
Region
Seoul 42 (9.3) 37 (8.5) -11.9
Busan 22 (4.9) 16 (3.7) -27.3
Daegu 10 (2.2) 5 (1.2) -50.0
Incheon 36 (7.9) 19 (4.4) -47.2
Gwangju 10 (2.2) 5 (1.2) -50.0
Daejeon 11 (2.4) 12 (2.8) 9.1
Ulsan 9 (2.0) 7 (1.6) -22.2
Sejong 1 (0.2) 3 (0.7) 200.0
Gyeonggi 87 (19.2) 105 (24.2) 20.7
Gangwon 40 (8.8) 44 (10.2) 10.0
Chungbuk 25 (5.5) 36 (8.3) 44.0
Chungnam 31 (6.8) 19 (4.4) -38.7
Jeonbuk 25 (5.5) 17 (3.9) -32.0
Jeonnam 31 (6.8) 35 (8.1) 12.9
Gyeongbuk 35 (7.7) 41 (9.5) 17.1
Gyeongnam 31 (6.8) 23 (5.3) -25.8
Jeju 7 (1.5) 9 (2.1) 28.6
Age (years)
<10 10 (2.2) 3 (0.7) -70.0
10-19 17 (3.8) 23 (5.3) 35.3
20-29 36 (7.9) 35 (8.1) -2.8
30-39 26 (5.7) 37 (8.5) 42.3
40-49 50 (11.0) 47 (10.9) -6.0
50-59 92 (20.3) 71 (16.4) -22.8
60-69 77 (17.0) 76 (17.6) -1.3
70-79 62 (13.7) 50 (11.5) -19.4
≥80 82 (18.1) 91 (21.0) 11.0
Alcohol consumption
Drinker 143 (31.6) 102 (23.6) -28.7
Non-drinker 197 (43.5) 268 (61.9) 36.0
Unknown 112 (24.8) 63 (14.5) -43.8
Diagnosis
Hypothermia 363 (80.1) 292 (67.4) -19.6
Superficial frostbite 40 (8.8) 48 (11.1) 20.0
Frostbite with tissue necrosis 8 (1.8) 13 (3.0) 62.5
Frostbite involving multiple body regions and unspecified frostbite 26 (5.7) 54 (12.5) 107.7
Immersion hand and foot 5 (1.1) 7 (1.6) 40.0
Chilblains 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.0
Other specified effects of reduced temperature 11 (2.4) 19 (4.4) 72.7
Occurrence location
Work place 12 (2.8) 26 (6.0) 116.7
Playground 7 (1.6) 6 (1.4) -14.3
Farmland 1 (0.2) 8 (1.8) 700.0
Outdoor Ski resort 7 (1.6) 7 (1.6) 0.0
Skating rink 18 (4.2) 0 (0.0) -100.0
Mountain 30 (7.1) 26 (6.0) -13.3
Riverside 35 (8.2) 35 (8.1) 0.0
Roadside 139 (32.7) 116 (26.8) -16.5
Nearby residence 57 (13.4) 77 (17.8) 35.1
Other 40 (9.4) 47 (10.9) 17.5
Indoor Home 75 (17.6) 59 (13.6) -21.3
Building 14 (3.3) 11 (2.5) -21.4
Work place 5 (1.2) 2 (0.5) -60.0
Other 14 (3.3) 13 (3.0) -7.1
Time of occurrence
0-3 60 (14.1) 50 (11.5) -16.7
3-6 45 (10.6) 40 (9.2) -11.1
6-9 77 (18.1) 72 (16.6) -6.5
9-12 62 (14.6) 62 (14.3) 0.0
12-15 48 (11.3) 38 (8.8) -20.8
15-18 55 (12.9) 56 (12.9) 1.8
18-21 56 (13.2) 60 (13.9) 7.1
21-24 49 (11.5) 55 (12.7) 12.2
Occupation
Managers 2 (0.5) 8 (1.8) 300.0
Professionals and related workers 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) -60.0
Clerks 9 (2.3) 11 (2.5) 22.2
Service workers 7 (1.8) 7 (1.6) 0.0
Sales workers 3 (0.8) 0 (0.0) -100.0
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers 19 (4.9) 13 (3.0) -31.6
Craft and related trades people 8 (2.1) 1 (0.2) -87.5
Equipment, machine operating and assembly workers 6 (1.5) 3 (0.7) -50.0
Elementary workers 2 (0.5) 21 (4.8) 950.0
Armed forces 4 (1.0) 4 (0.9) 0.0
Homemaker 28 (7.2) 11 (2.5) -60.7
Student 29 (7.5) 27 (6.2) -6.9
Unemployed 201 (51.7) 147 (33.9) -26.9
Homeless 22 (5.7) 11 (2.5) -50.0
Other 106 (27.2) 28 (6.5) -73.6
Unknown 0 (0.0) 139 (32.1) -

References

  1. WMO. The global climate (2020).
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